American Psychological Association Style

American Psychological Association, or "APA" style citations use a hanging indent; the first line is flush left and all subsequent lines are indented. All citations are double spaced. See the Frequently Asked Questions page on the American Psychological Association web site (http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html) for further information.

Typical Citation:

Author, A. (Publication date). Title. Location: Publisher.

One Author:

Lightman, A. (1993). Einstein's dreams. New York: Warner Books.

Two or More Authors:

Newcombe, F., & Ratcliffe, G. (1978). Defining females: The nature of women in society.

            New York: Wiley.

Chapter in an Edited Book:

West, C. (1992). The postmodern crisis of the black intellectuals. In L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, &

           P. Treichler (Eds.), Cultural studies (pp. 689-705). New York: Routledge.

Article in a Reference Work: One Author:

Ochs, E. (1989). Language acquisition. In International encyclopedia of communications (Vol. 2,

           pp. 390-393). New York: Oxford University Press.

Article in a Reference Work: No Author:

Transcendental idealism. (1998). In Encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 11, p. 894). Chicago:

           Encyclopaedia Britannica.

PERIODICALS

Typical Citation:

Author. (Publication date). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number (Issue number, if available),

           page numbers.

Journal is Paginated by Volume:

Shuy, R. (1981). A holistic view of language. Research in the Teaching of English, 15, 101-111.

Journal is Paginated by Issue:

Maienza, J. G. (1986). The superintendency: Characteristics of access for men and women.

         Educational Administration Quarterly, 22 (4), 59-79.

Monthly Magazine:

Gralla, P. (1994, April). How to enter cyberspace. PC Computing, 7, 60-62.

Newspaper:

Browne, M. W. (1988, April 26). Lasers for the battlefield raise concern for eyesight. New York Times,

         pp. C1, C8.

VIDEO RECORDINGS

Typical Citation:

Contributor, A. (Function of Contributor). (Production date). Title [Form]. Country: Studio.

Motion Picture:

Corbiau, G. (Director). (1995). Farinelli [Motion Picture]. United States: Sony Pictures Classics.

Single Episode from a Series:

Martin, J. (Writer). (1993). Microbial Diversity [Videotape]. In J. Booth (Producer), Unseen life: An

           introduction to microbiology. S. Burlington, VT: Annenberg/CPB Project.

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

For the most current information, check the Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological Association page, located at http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html. Refer to pp. 268 - 281 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. for more complete details on citing specific electronic resources. Note on punctuation: citations should be ended with a period unless the final element is an Internet address.

Typical Citation:

Author. (Publication date; if no date is given, use n.d.). Title of document. Title of complete work (if applicable). Retrieved [date], from http:// URL

Professional Web Site, Personal Web Site, Article in a Journal on the Web:

Mullins, B. (1995). Introduction to Robert Hass. Readings in Contemporary Poetry at Dia Center for

         the Arts. Retrieved April 24, 1997, from http://www.diacenter.org/prg/poetry/ 95-96/interhass.html

Stand-Alone Document, No Author Identified, No Date:

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.) Retrieved August 8, 2000, from

          http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_survey-1997-10/

Article in a Journal in an Online Database:

Dunn, Rita and Joseph Stevenson. (1997). Teaching Diverse College Students to Study Within a

         Learning-Styles Prescription. College Student Journal, 31(4), 3-7. Retrieved March 3, 2000,

         from Masterfile Premier database.

Tips:

• A complete list of bibliography examples can be found at the Library Information Desk in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
  
• Write down each citation as you find the book or article. You will then have a completed bibliography before you begin to write the paper. You will not have the stress of lacking the bibliographic information for a source just before your paper is due.
  
• When you photocopy, also copy the first page of the book or magazine so that you have the bibliographic information included with the copy. On that copy, write down the year the item was published.

*Revised in accordance with Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. February 5, 2002